م إجراء هذه الدراسة للتحقق من الجودة الفيزيائية والكيميائية للمياه الجوفية ودرجة تلوثها في منطقة الأصابعة الليبية.

تمت مقارنة النتائج المتحصل عليها مع معايير الجودة العالمية لمياه الشرب.

جمعت العينات من خمسة آبار مياه جوفية بمنطقة الأصابعة.

تم فحص العديد من المعايير بما في ذلك اللون، الطعم، الرائحة، الأس الهيدروجيني، المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية (TDS)، صلابة الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم، الصلابة الكلية، الحديد، الفلورايد، الأمونيا، الفوسفات والكلوريد.

أظهرت النتائج أن المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة كانت ضمن الحدود المسموح بها من منظمة الصحة العالمية.

على سبيل المثال، كانت القيم القصوى ل Fe، PO4، F، NH3، Cl هي (0.92، 0.16، 1.2، 0.05) مجم / لتر على التوالي.

من جهة أخرى، كان لبعض العينات تركيزات عالية قليلا بالنسبة TDS (590 ملجم / لتر (والعسر الكلي (702 ملجم/لتر).

تشترك معظم آبار المياه في التركيز العالي للعسر الكلي والذي قد يكون بسبب التكوينات الجيولوجية للأرض في منطقة الدراسة.

هذه التراكيز العالية تجعل طعم الماء غير مقبول وغير مستساغ وبالتالي قد لا يمكن استخدام هذه المياه كمياه للشرب.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the variations in the phytochemical compositions and the antimicrobial activities of Syzygium grande and Oenanthe javanica leaf extracts against Bacillus sp. The antibacterial activity of the methanol, 70% methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of both plant species were examined in vitro, against various Bacillus species. In addition, the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics was employed to gain insights into the correlations between the chemical constituents of the bioactive extract to the biological activity. The hexane extract of S. grande leaves and methanolic extract of O. javanica leaves showed more potent anti Bacillus activity, among the test extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully differentiated the extracts on the basis of their metabolite profiles. The results of the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis showed that the non-polar compounds of the hexane extract of S. grande (alanine, betulin, β-sitosterol, β-caryophyllene, acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On the other hand, choline, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, the metabolites present in the methanolic extract of O. javanica, were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On this basis, it was therefore concluded that these conmpounds could be the potential bioactive constituents, contributing to the anti-Bacillus activity of the individual plant species. Further in-depth investigations into the potential utilization of the two plants for useful applications in managing and control of Bacillus sp., will help pave the way towards their valorization.

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To study the ability of using olive oil industry wastes by yeast strain Candida. rugosa to grow in solid state fermentation for lipase and protease production. Lipase production in submerged fermentation of olive mill waste water. The enzymes production was ranged from 4.2 to 9.8 IU/g of lipase on the second day of fermentation period and from 21 to 64.5 IU/g of protease on the third day of fermentation period. The supplementation of the olive oil cake with yeast extract as a nitrogen source significantly increased the lipase (157%) and protease (49 %) production. The chemical composition of olive oil cake estimated before and after fermentation process, results shown that the nutritional value was improved to be use as animal feed. Submerged fermentation of olive mill waste water shown that the yeast C. rugosa could growth on undiluted sample, and to produce up to 220.1 U/ dm-3 of lipase in 1st day, lipase production was found to be promoted by the addition of tween 80. The highest lipolytic activity of 1667.5 IU dm-3 was achieved after 6 days of submerged cultivation in supplemented olive mill wastewater. The results indicated that olive mill waste water and olive oil cake seemed to provide necessary nutrients and physical support for the yeast to grow and produce enzymes. The fermentation of olive mills wastes could be a good technique to save our environment and produce a valuable thing by using harmful wastes.

•olive oil cake as the basic nutrient source showed that it could be a good substrate for lipase and protease production in SSF by yeasts Candida rugosa, providing necessary nutrients and physical support for the yeast growth and enzyme production.

•Lipase and protease production could be further improved by careful selection and addition of various carbon and nitrogen sources.

•The fermentation of the olive cake by non-toxic food approved strain may improve the substrate value as animal feed.

Andrographolide (AG) has been shown to have several medicinal and pharmaceutical effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-malarial activities. Moreover, studies to assess the pharmacological effect of AG on the metabolic changes of uninfected red blood cells (uRBCs) have not yet been investigated. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacological effects of AG compared to chloroquine (CQ) on the metabolic variations of uRBCs in vitro using a proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based metabolomics approach coupled with multivariate data analysis (MVDA). Forty-one metabolites were successfully identified by 1H-NMR. The results of the unsupervised data analysis principal component analysis (PCA) showed ideal differentiation between AG and CQ. PC1 and PC2 accounted for 71.4% and 17.7% of the explained variation, respectively, with a total variance of 89.10%. Based on S-plot and VIP values, a total of 28 and 32 metabolites were identified as biomarkers in uRBCs-AG and uRBCs-CQ, respectively. In uRBCs treated with AG, ten metabolic pathways were determined to be disturbed, including riboflavin metabolism, d-glutamate and d-glutamine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, proline and arginine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, citrate cycle, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism as well as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. In contrast, in CQ-treated uRBCs, nine affected metabolic pathways were determined, which involved the same metabolic pathways for uRBCs-AG, except for glutathione metabolism. These findings suggest an evident relationship between AG and CQ associated with metabolic changes in intact RBCs after being exposed to the treatment. The metabolomics results could allow useful comprehensive insights into the underlying mechanism of the action of AG and CQ on red blood cells. Consequently, the 1H-NMR-based metabolomics approach was successfully utilized to identify the pharmacological effects of AG and CQ on the metabolic variations of uRBCs.