: Abstract

applications of complexes are very important in different sectors like the pharmaceutical industrial. So, this study aimed to preparation sodium salts of amino acids complexes by using K2PtCl6, Cu (NO3)2.3H2O, HgCl2 and ZnCl2 as a ligand reaction with the sodium salts of the following amino acids: glycine (glyH), L-alanine (alaH), L-phenylalanine (pheH). The following complexes were isolated: Na [Pt(gly)Cl4] .0.5C2H5OH, [Cu(ala)2].0.5C2H5OH, [Pt(ala)3Cl].C2H5OH.4H2O, [Pt(phe)2Cl2].0.5C2H5OH.1.5H2O, [Hg(phe)2].9H2O, [Zn(phe)2].C2H5OH. The isolated complexes have been characterized by their elemental analysis’s solubility, conductivity measurements, IR, electronic absorption and C13 NMR spectra.

Keywords: Metal complexes, Amino acids, Characterization.

الملخص:

تطبيقات المعقدات مهمة جد ا في مجاالت مختلفة مثل الصناعات الدوائية، عليه است هدفت هذه الدراسة تح ضير معقدات أمالح الصوديوم أمالح مع الليكاندات كتفاعالت K2PtCl6, Cu (NO3)2.3H2O, HgCl2 and ZnCl2 معقدات بواسطة الصوديوم لألحماض األميني ة التالية: الجاليسي ين (glyH(، L- أالنين (alaH(، L- فينيل أالنين )pheH). وت م الحصول على ست معقدات مختلفة: Na [Pt(gly)Cl4] .0.5C2H5OH, [Cu(ala)2].0.5C2H5OH, [Pt(ala)3Cl].C2H5OH.4H2O, [Pt(phe)2Cl2].0.5C2H5OH.1.5H2O, [Hg(phe)2].9H2O, [Zn(phe)2].C2H5OH تم تشخيص هذه المركبات عن طريق تحليل العناصر المكونة لها وايجاد نسبتها باإلضافة إلى استعمال الطرق الفيزيائ ية األتية: درجة االنصهار، الذائ ب ية، التوصيل الكهربائي لمحاليلها، واألطي اف تحت الحمراء والمرئية وفوق البنفسجية إلى الرنين المغناطيسي.

الكلمات المفتاحية: المعقدات، األحماض األمينية، التشخيص.

Libya is one of the largest countries in the olive oil production leading to generate massive amounts of olive-waste cakes during the manufacture process every year. Therefore, this experimental study aims to investigate the potential of olive-waste cake as a low-cost natural source for preparation activated carbon (AC). The solid olive oil mill residue was carbonized at 200 0C and chemically activated using two methods including Model I (25% Zncl2) and Model II (25% Zncl2 + 25% H2SO2) . To investigate the efficiency of prepared AC, decolourization of methylene blue founded in an aqueous solution was conducted. The effectiveness of this process was studied via key parameters effects such as contact time, pH, and AC dose. The achieved results showed that the decolourization using Model II was more than of Model I. The optimum values of pH, contact time, and AC dose were 5, 120 min, and 2.5 g/L respectively. At these conditions the maximum methylene blue removal was 75%. The results indicate that olive-waste cake has a potential in future water treatment applications due to its high adsorption capacity. 

م إجراء هذه الدراسة للتحقق من الجودة الفيزيائية والكيميائية للمياه الجوفية ودرجة تلوثها في منطقة الأصابعة الليبية.

تمت مقارنة النتائج المتحصل عليها مع معايير الجودة العالمية لمياه الشرب.

جمعت العينات من خمسة آبار مياه جوفية بمنطقة الأصابعة.

تم فحص العديد من المعايير بما في ذلك اللون، الطعم، الرائحة، الأس الهيدروجيني، المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية (TDS)، صلابة الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم، الصلابة الكلية، الحديد، الفلورايد، الأمونيا، الفوسفات والكلوريد.

أظهرت النتائج أن المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة كانت ضمن الحدود المسموح بها من منظمة الصحة العالمية.

على سبيل المثال، كانت القيم القصوى ل Fe، PO4، F، NH3، Cl هي (0.92، 0.16، 1.2، 0.05) مجم / لتر على التوالي.

من جهة أخرى، كان لبعض العينات تركيزات عالية قليلا بالنسبة TDS (590 ملجم / لتر (والعسر الكلي (702 ملجم/لتر).

تشترك معظم آبار المياه في التركيز العالي للعسر الكلي والذي قد يكون بسبب التكوينات الجيولوجية للأرض في منطقة الدراسة.

هذه التراكيز العالية تجعل طعم الماء غير مقبول وغير مستساغ وبالتالي قد لا يمكن استخدام هذه المياه كمياه للشرب.

To study the ability of using olive oil industry wastes by yeast strain Candida. rugosa to grow in solid state fermentation for lipase and protease production. Lipase production in submerged fermentation of olive mill waste water. The enzymes production was ranged from 4.2 to 9.8 IU/g of lipase on the second day of fermentation period and from 21 to 64.5 IU/g of protease on the third day of fermentation period. The supplementation of the olive oil cake with yeast extract as a nitrogen source significantly increased the lipase (157%) and protease (49 %) production. The chemical composition of olive oil cake estimated before and after fermentation process, results shown that the nutritional value was improved to be use as animal feed. Submerged fermentation of olive mill waste water shown that the yeast C. rugosa could growth on undiluted sample, and to produce up to 220.1 U/ dm-3 of lipase in 1st day, lipase production was found to be promoted by the addition of tween 80. The highest lipolytic activity of 1667.5 IU dm-3 was achieved after 6 days of submerged cultivation in supplemented olive mill wastewater. The results indicated that olive mill waste water and olive oil cake seemed to provide necessary nutrients and physical support for the yeast to grow and produce enzymes. The fermentation of olive mills wastes could be a good technique to save our environment and produce a valuable thing by using harmful wastes.

•olive oil cake as the basic nutrient source showed that it could be a good substrate for lipase and protease production in SSF by yeasts Candida rugosa, providing necessary nutrients and physical support for the yeast growth and enzyme production.

•Lipase and protease production could be further improved by careful selection and addition of various carbon and nitrogen sources.

•The fermentation of the olive cake by non-toxic food approved strain may improve the substrate value as animal feed.

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Waste stream characteristics must be understood to tackle waste management problem in Tripoli

city, Libya. It is recognized that information on both quantity and composition of generation waste

is important for the effective planning of household waste handling infrastructure. So, this study is

aimed to evaluating the generation, composition and density of household solid waste in Tripoli

city, Libya. The study is carried out according to the Annex 2.1 of: WHO 1996. It was conducted

during one week in summer, autumn and winter 2011/2012. The daily household solid waste

generation assessment has been carried out for 150 Libyan families where 947 people in three

main parts of Tripoli city have been chosen randomly. A questionnaire was prepared according to

Buenrostro et al. 2001 and Raje et al. 2001 using door-to-door surveying. The result showed that

the average of total generation quantity, daily generation rate, total volume and density were

1415 kg, 0.64 kg/person/day, 19.3 m3 and 74.4 kg/m3 respectively in Tripoli city. Household solid

waste contains 36.3% organic matter and 32.5% recyclable materials (glass, paper, plastic, met-

als). The total generation quantity, daily generation rate, total volume and density were in Tripoli

city agreed with those for African and Arabic countries. But the problem is that Tripoli suffers

from insufficient municipal solid waste management and lack of sanitary landfills

In this study, the solid and liquid wastes from the olive oil processing industry were evaluated as substrates for Yarrowia lipolytica growth with the aim of lipase production. Olive mill wastewater and olive oil cake seemed to provide the necessary nutrients and physical support for yeast growth and enzyme production. The highest lipolytic activity of 850 IU dm(3) was achieved after 4 days of submerged cultivation in supplemented olive mill wastewater. In addition, olive oil cake appeared to be a convenient substrate for lipase production under a solid-state fermentation mode. Lipase production was further improved by media supplementation and/or change in the physical settings of the experiment. However, the most significant improvement of lipase production under solid-state fermentation was achieved by an alkaline treatment of the substrate (more than 10-fold), when the amount of produced lipase reached up to approximate to 40 IU g(-1) of substrate.

Olive oil cake is a by-product from the olive oil processing industry and can be used for the lipase and protease production by Candida utilis in solid state fermentation. Different carbon and nitrogen sources were evaluated, and the results showed that the supplementation of the substrate with maltose and starch as carbon sources and yeast extract as a nitrogen source significantly increased the lipase production. The best results were obtained with maltose, whereas rather low lipase and protease activities were found with glucose and oleic acid. Response surface methodology and a five-level-three-factor central composite rotatable design were used to evaluate the effects of the initial moisture content, inoculum size and fermentation time on both lipase and protease activity levels. A lipase activity value of ≈25 U g(-1) and a protease activity value of 110 U g(-1) were obtained under the optimized fermentation conditions. An alkaline treatment of the substrate appeared to be efficient, leading to increases of 39% and 133% in the lipase and protease production, respectively. The results showed that the olive cake could be a good source for enzyme production by solid state fermentation.