Introduction - Units of Measurement - Element, Compound, Mixture, Laws, and Element Symbols - Mole and Percentage of Composition - Limiting and Excess Substance of Chemical Reactions - Periodic Table - Quantum Theory and Quantum Numbers - Ion Energy and Electron Affinity - Types of Chemical Bonds, the Octane Rule, and Lewis Structure - Molecule Shapes and Electronic and Electronegative Molecules

Course Content: Gas Laws - Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures and the Van der Waals Equation - Types of Solutions, Redox Reactions, and Oxidation Numbers - Factors Affecting Redox Reactions and Vapor Pressure - Vapor Pressure Law, the Law of Collective Properties, and Raoult's Law - The Relationship Between Vapor Pressure and Freezing and Boiling Points - Kinetics of Chemical Reactions - The Theory of Transitions and Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reactions - Types of Electrochemical Reactions - Electrolytic Cells and the Nearnst Relationship

Introduction : Definition and importance of Analytical Chemistry, Classification of Analytical Chemistry : Qualitative analysis , Quantitative analysis . Quantitative analysis methods: Gravimetric analysis, Volumetric analysis, instrumental analysis. methods expressing analytical concentration: Physical methods, Chemical methods Volumetric analysis : introduction, Titration requirements, Standard Solutions, Volumetric analysis reactions, Volumetric analysis calculations. Acids and bases, pH , Acid – base titrations, oxidation- reduction titration.

Atomic structure, quantum theory, electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect - atomic spectra, line spectrum of hydrogen, Schrödinger's theory and its solutions - Rutherford's theory, Bohr's theory - basic principles of wave mechanics, waves and matter, Heisenberg's principle - the four quantum numbers, the physical meaning of quantum numbers - S, P, and d orbitals and their shapes, symmetrical and asymmetrical orbitals, Pauli's exclusion rule, Hund's rule, hybridization - the periodic table of elements, S, P, d, and f sections, periods and groups of the periodic table - some periodic properties of elements in the periodic table, atomic radii and methods of calculating them, electronegativity - ionization energy, electron affinity

Types of chemical bonds, quantum numbers, and shapes of polar molecules - Hybridization and conformation - Aliphatic hydrocarbons and alkanes: nomenclature and physical properties - Spatial structures of alkanes - Methods of preparing alkanes - Alkenes and alkynes: nomenclature, properties, and conformation - Methods of preparing alkenes and alkynes - Reactions of alkenes and alkynes - Oxidation of alkenes and alkynes

The kinetic theory of gases - van der Waals equation - distribution of molecular velocities in gases - molecular collisions and free path rate - introduction to thermochemistry - first law of thermochemistry - second law of thermochemistry - third law of thermochemistry - comparison of the properties of gases, liquids, and solids - crystalline solids - liquid crystals - viscosity - vapor pressure of liquids

Oxidation and reduction - The most important oxidizing agents - Reducing agents - Balancing oxidation-reduction equations - Properties and characteristics of precipitates - Conditions for the precipitation process - The most important organic precipitates - The most important inorganic precipitates - Solubility product constant - Precipitation titrations (Mohr-Fagan method)

Applying the fundamental principles of inorganic chemistry; using the periodic table to obtain important chemical information; understanding the chemistry of P and S elements with reference to industrial applications; discussing the relationship between the electronic configuration of group elements and their physical and chemical properties.

Stereochemistry: Chiralization, enantiomers and diastromyres, photoactivity, molecules with more than one chiral carbon atom, preparation and reactions of stereoisomers, and the study of the classification, nomenclature, properties, preparation methods, and reactions of alcohols, ethers, epoxides, and phenols.

Thermochemistry: Types of reactions – Determining the heat of reaction – Types of heats of reaction – Heat of formation – Heat of combustion – Heat of neutralization – Hess's law – Enthalpy – Internal energy – Determining the change in internal energy – The relationship between enthalpy and change in internal energy – Entropy – Gibbs free energy – Free energy and spontaneous change. Chemical equilibrium: Equilibrium law – Dynamic equilibrium – Calculating the equilibrium constant – Le Chatelier's principle – Heterogeneous equilibrium. Solubility. Ionic equilibrium.

The development of quantum mechanics: the structure of matter, blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, atomic spectra and Bohr's theory of the hydrogen atom, the dual behavior of light and matter, the uncertainty principle, wave mechanics, and the Schrödinger equation. The general formulation of quantum mechanics: the postulates of quantum chemistry and their corollaries, the theory of expansion, characteristic functions, characteristic values ​​of operators subject to the commutation rule, and the Hamiltonian index. The treatment of angular momentum in quantum mechanics: angular momentum operators, commutation laws, characteristic values ​​and characteristic functions of angular momentum operators. Quantum mechanics of simple systems: free particles, the particle-in-a-box, the rigid rotor and its applications, the coherent oscillator and its applications, the hydrogen atom, hydrogen-like ions, approximations, and correlation theories.

Fundamentals of separation methods. Solvent extraction. Chromatographic separation: column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, paper chromatography, ion exchange chromatography. Column chromatography: distribution coefficient, retention time (tR), retention volume (VR), relative retention time (β), layer theory, degree of separation, column efficiency comparison. Gas chromatography: apparatus construction, inert gas for the sample, chromatographic column, analytes, solid support, liquid phase, reagents and their types. High-performance liquid chromatography.

The evolution of coordination chemistry, an introduction to complexes, Werner's theory, the nomenclature of complexes, types of ligands, conformation (isomers), theories of bonding in complexes: valence bond theory, crystalline field theory, ligand field theory, molecular orbital theory, the effective atomic number rule, octahedral complexes, tetrahedral complexes, Gunteller distortion, Russell-Sanders states.

Organic Halides: Alkyl Halides (Classification, Nomenclature, Methods of Preparation of Mono-, Di-, and Polyhalogen Halides, Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions SN1, SN2 in terms of Kinetics, Mechanism, and Stereochemistry of the Reaction with Potential Energy Diagram, Factors Affecting the Reaction Rate, Elimination Reactions E1, E2, Substitution vs. Elimination, Reaction with Metals), Aryl Halides (Methods of Preparation, Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions: Addition-Deletion, Elimination-Addition). Aldehydes and Ketones: Carbonyl Group, Nomenclature, Classification, Physical Properties, Preparation of Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones, General Preparation, Reactions (Reduction, Oxidation, Substitution, Addition, Condensation). Carboxylic Acids

Study of solutions: internal structure, properties, and concentration of components. Chemical nature of solutions. Solubility. Distillation. Extraction. Surface phenomena. Types of solutions: gas-in-liquid, gas-in-solid, and liquid-in-liquid. Collective properties of solutions. Phase equilibrium. Phase rules: Gibbs equation, monophasic system, biphasic system, and triphasic system.

Basic concepts in the chemical industry: industrial process flow diagram, market assessment, economic and technical evaluation of chemical reactions, industrial safety, research and development. Chemical transformation processes: calcination, condensation, thermal decomposition, burning, crystallization, thermal cracking, shaping, sulfurization, ion exchange, neutralization, halogenation, and sulfonation, etc. Physical processing processes: drying, separation and filtration, evaporation, distillation, crystallization, absorption and adsorption, reaction with substances, thermal processes. Industries: cement, glass, ceramics, leather, alkyl chlorination, soap and detergents, water purification, petrochemicals, plastics, synthetic fibers, etc.

Introduction, Water, Buffer Solutions, Functional Groups. Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides, Major Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides. Lipids, Fatty Acids, Their Properties and Major Reactions, Glycerides, Phospholipids. Amino Acids and Proteins, Classification of Proteins, General Structure of Proteins. Nucleic Acids, Nitrogenous Bases, Nucleosides, Nucleotides. Enzymes: Enzyme Structure and Classification, Nomenclature of Enzymes. Vitamins, Water-Soluble Vitamins, Fat-Soluble Vitamins.

Electrolytic Methods: Electrochemical cells, galvanic and electrolytic cells, salt bridge, electrochemical cell notation, standard electrode potential, hydrogen reference electrode. • Potential Methods: Static methods, mobile methods, potentiometer, pH meter, how electrode potential is generated. • Types of Electrodes: Reference electrodes, reference electrode specifications, components of a standard hydrogen electrode, silver-silver chloride electrode, coulomb electrode. • Metallic and membrane electrodes, types of metallic electrodes, membrane electrodes, glass membrane electrode, solid membrane electrodes, gaseous membrane electrodes. • Electrolytic Methods: Ohmic potential, measuring the quantity of electricity, voltammetry, polarography, ring voltammetry, scavenging voltammetry, coulombography.

A detailed study of transition elements: chemical properties, physical properties, oxidation states, halides, oxides, complexes, extraction.

Amines: Structure and composition, classification and nomenclature, physical properties, basicity of amines, methods of preparation, reactions, reactions of diazonium salts, imines. Organic synthesis: Preparation and reactions of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds (ethyl acetoacetate and diethylmalonate), 1,4-diethane compounds and their use in the preparation of quinones, novinygle condensation, Mannach reaction, acylation and chelation of amine compounds. Rearrangement reactions

Equivalent conduction: Arrhenius Theory – Parameters affecting the motion of ions – Relationship between motion and equivalent conduction – Equations of equivalent conduction – Dibby and Hokal Theory – New Ionic Theory – Using equivalent conduction in titration

Polymerization: The modern concept of polymerization, molecular strength in polymers, the effect of molecular strength on polymer properties, polymer classification, and polymer nomenclature. Step-growth polymerization (condensation polymerization): Reactions for preparing condensation polymers, kinetics of step-growth polymerization, molecular weight control in condensation polymerization, and molecular weight distribution of linear polymers. Addition polymerization via free radicals (chain polymerization): Thermal and photocatalysts, redox initiators, reactions for preparing condensation polymers, comparison between addition and condensation polymerization, kinetics of addition polymerization via free radicals, molecular weight control in addition polymerization, polymer additives, and some industrially important types of addition polymers.

Definition of biological processes (catabolism and anabolic processes) - Bioenergy and energy transport compounds - Regulation of metabolic pathways - Regulatory enzymes - Carbohydrate metabolism and glycolysis - Incorporation of disaccharides and polysaccharides into the glycolysis pathway - Citric acid cycle - Oxidation of fatty acids - Carbohydrate biosynthesis - Oxidative breakdown of amino acids, urea cycle - Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation - Lipid biosynthesis

Optical analysis methods (absorption spectroscopy) - Wave radiation (wave properties, Planck-Einstein equation) - Absorption and emission processes - Electromagnetic spectrum - Fundamental absorption laws (Lambert, Beer-Lambert) - Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy - Emission spectroscopy - Flame spectrometer - Atomic absorption spectrometer - Induction plasma coupled spectrometer - Atomic emission spectrometer - Scintillation spectrometer - Emission spectrometer - Flame spectrometer

Review of the geometric shapes of compounds and complexes - Partial symmetry and sets of symmetry - Elements and operations of symmetry - Planes and reflections of symmetry - Center of inversion - Real axes and rotations - Fictitious axes and rotations - Set of points: definition - Points of low symmetry - Points of high symmetry - Substitution interactions of planar square complexes

Spectroscopy and Spectral Regions - Ultraviolet (UV) radiation - Electronic transitions, chromophores - oxochromes, UV applications, Infrared (IR) region, IR spectra of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - Spectroscopy and Spectral Regions - Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical displacement, masking and masking factors, multiplicative k-band splitting, complex splitting, allelic pairing, applications of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, molecular ion, molecular weight determination, nitrogen base, cracking processes in organic compounds. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nuclear magnetic resonance.

Types of chemical reactions - Elemental reversible reactions - Effect of temperature on chemical reactions - Factors affecting reaction rate - Rate equation - Homogeneous reactions - Order of chemical reaction - First-order reaction - Second-order reaction - Third-order reaction - Methods for calculating reaction order - Types of reactors for homogeneous reactions

Infrared spectroscopy: How vibration occurs, factors affecting vibration locations, infrared sources in the region, preparation of solid, liquid, and gaseous samples, fluorescence and phosphorylation, high-performance liquid chromatography, X-ray analysis methods, double-induction plasma analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, chemical displacement, NMR spectroscopy mechanics, mass spectrometry

Organometallic Chemistry - Definition - A brief overview of its history and development - A detailed study of organometallic compounds - their preparation - their reactions - Organometallic compounds of Group 1 elements - Organometallic compounds of Group 2 elements - Organometallic compounds of Group 3 elements - Grignard reagent and its importance in reactions and how to prepare it - Carbonyl compounds: their nomenclature, methods of preparation, and reactions - Nitrosyl compounds and methods of preparation - Application of the 18-electron rule to carbonyl compounds - Application of the effective atomic number rule to nitrosyl compounds - Addition and reduction reactions - Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis

Introduction to Heterocyclic Compounds - Nomenclature of Heterocyclic Compounds - Classification of Heterocyclic Compounds - Pentacyclic Heterocyclic Compounds (Properties, Reactions, Preparation) - Hexacyclic Heterocyclic Compounds (Preparation, Properties, Reactions)

Types of heterogeneous reactions - Catalytic processes - Adsorption theory and its applications - Types of solid and liquid catalysts - Rate equation for heterogeneous reactions - Order of heterogeneous chemical reactions - Methods for calculating the different orders of heterogeneous reactions - Intermediate formation theory for catalytic processes - Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis - Enzymatic catalysis - Types of heterogeneous reactors - Fundamentals of photochemistry

Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry - The importance of studying nuclear chemistry - Nuclear structure and properties - Nuclear stability - Nuclear properties - Stability curve - Nuclear binding energy - Natural radioactivity - Decay chains - Artificial radioactivity - Laws of conservation of reactions - Nuclear reactors and accelerators - Neutron sources - Radioactive isotopes and their production - Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Nuclear magnetic resonance.

After completing all the department's courses, the student becomes eligible to write a graduation thesis. The student applies what they learned in these courses to one of the specializations previously studied in the department.