Abstract:

The incessant use of mobile phones can be attributed to its portability and thus have become one of the most widely used devices in mobile communication which makes it so essential in our lives.

The convenience and portability of mobile phones has made it possible to be carried everywhere, e.g. Mosques, lecture halls, medical centers etc. Its convenience can create inconvenience in some places when there is continuous beeping or ringtones of mobile phones which becomes annoying when such noise is disruptive in areas where silence is required or the use or of mobile phone is restricted or prohibited like Libraries and Study rooms.

The problem of microbial resistance continues to increase in all regions of the world, and even though a very large number of antibiotics have been produced in the last 30 years, microbial resistance is maintained because of the wide use of these drugs against many infectious diseases. Thus, natural products are seen as the alternative solution. Based on previous studies, Peganum harmala has been reported to exhibit several biological properties including antibacterial and antifungal. Thus, the main aim of this study is evaluating antibacterial activities of P. harmala against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, which isolated from infected patients in (Alassaba'a hospital, Alassaba'a, west of Tripoli). Agar disk diffusion technique was used for detecting the antibacterial activity, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was tested by serial dilution methods. The results showed that the growth of all tested bacteria were inhibited strongly by methanol extract of seeds at 1.0% with inhibition zones 14.66, 12.00 and 15.33mm against E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus respectively. Besides, MIC values ranged between 0.625 to 1.25 mg/mL. While, MBC values ranging between 1.25 to 5 mg/mL. On the other hand, methanol extract of leaves was also inhibit the growth of E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus with inhibition zones 11.00, 9.66 and 10.00mm respectively. As well as, MIC values ranging between 1.25 to 2.5 mg/mL, while MBCs value ranging between 2.5 to 5 mg/mL . In conclusion, methanol extract of P. harmala seeds exhibited strongly antimicrobial activity against E. coli, k. pneumoniae and S. aureus, thus it can be developed as anti-bacterial agent.

الخلاصة:

تتناول المقالة الطرق الحالية لمعالجة النفايات البلدية الصلبة في سياق كفاءتها الشاملة. تم

إج ا رء اختبار تجريبي لتقنية فعالة وصديقة للبيئة لتغويز النفايات الصلبة بالبلازما، وأكدت النتائج

التي تم الحصول عليها إمكانية الحصول على غاز اصطناعي عالي السع ا رت الح ا ررية.

Libya is one of the largest countries in the olive oil production leading to generate massive amounts of olive-waste cakes during the manufacture process every year. Therefore, this experimental study aims to investigate the potential of olive-waste cake as a low-cost natural source for preparation activated carbon (AC). The solid olive oil mill residue was carbonized at 200 0C and chemically activated using two methods including Model I (25% Zncl2) and Model II (25% Zncl2 + 25% H2SO2) . To investigate the efficiency of prepared AC, decolourization of methylene blue founded in an aqueous solution was conducted. The effectiveness of this process was studied via key parameters effects such as contact time, pH, and AC dose. The achieved results showed that the decolourization using Model II was more than of Model I. The optimum values of pH, contact time, and AC dose were 5, 120 min, and 2.5 g/L respectively. At these conditions the maximum methylene blue removal was 75%. The results indicate that olive-waste cake has a potential in future water treatment applications due to its high adsorption capacity. 

م إجراء هذه الدراسة للتحقق من الجودة الفيزيائية والكيميائية للمياه الجوفية ودرجة تلوثها في منطقة الأصابعة الليبية.

تمت مقارنة النتائج المتحصل عليها مع معايير الجودة العالمية لمياه الشرب.

جمعت العينات من خمسة آبار مياه جوفية بمنطقة الأصابعة.

تم فحص العديد من المعايير بما في ذلك اللون، الطعم، الرائحة، الأس الهيدروجيني، المواد الصلبة الذائبة الكلية (TDS)، صلابة الكالسيوم والمغنيسيوم، الصلابة الكلية، الحديد، الفلورايد، الأمونيا، الفوسفات والكلوريد.

أظهرت النتائج أن المياه الجوفية في منطقة الدراسة كانت ضمن الحدود المسموح بها من منظمة الصحة العالمية.

على سبيل المثال، كانت القيم القصوى ل Fe، PO4، F، NH3، Cl هي (0.92، 0.16، 1.2، 0.05) مجم / لتر على التوالي.

من جهة أخرى، كان لبعض العينات تركيزات عالية قليلا بالنسبة TDS (590 ملجم / لتر (والعسر الكلي (702 ملجم/لتر).

تشترك معظم آبار المياه في التركيز العالي للعسر الكلي والذي قد يكون بسبب التكوينات الجيولوجية للأرض في منطقة الدراسة.

هذه التراكيز العالية تجعل طعم الماء غير مقبول وغير مستساغ وبالتالي قد لا يمكن استخدام هذه المياه كمياه للشرب.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the variations in the phytochemical compositions and the antimicrobial activities of Syzygium grande and Oenanthe javanica leaf extracts against Bacillus sp. The antibacterial activity of the methanol, 70% methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of both plant species were examined in vitro, against various Bacillus species. In addition, the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics was employed to gain insights into the correlations between the chemical constituents of the bioactive extract to the biological activity. The hexane extract of S. grande leaves and methanolic extract of O. javanica leaves showed more potent anti Bacillus activity, among the test extracts. Principal component analysis (PCA) successfully differentiated the extracts on the basis of their metabolite profiles. The results of the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis showed that the non-polar compounds of the hexane extract of S. grande (alanine, betulin, β-sitosterol, β-caryophyllene, acetic acid and 3-hydroxybutyric acid) were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On the other hand, choline, ellagic acid, and gallic acid, the metabolites present in the methanolic extract of O. javanica, were strongly correlated to its anti-Bacillus activity. On this basis, it was therefore concluded that these conmpounds could be the potential bioactive constituents, contributing to the anti-Bacillus activity of the individual plant species. Further in-depth investigations into the potential utilization of the two plants for useful applications in managing and control of Bacillus sp., will help pave the way towards their valorization.

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