Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary scientific field that combines principles of engineering, biology, chemistry, medicine, and physics, aiming to create functional human tissues or organs from cells in the laboratory.

An organ or tissue in the human body may be lost or fail due to mechanical injury, tumor, or infection, and treating these cases is difficult, especially when the tissue loss is extensive.

Previously, autografts, allografts, and xenografts were used, but each has its limitations, such as long surgical procedures, immune rejection, disease transmission, or limited availability of sources.

Therefore, the need for alternative treatments emerged, and tissue engineering appeared as a scientific solution aiming to overcome these limitations.

American scientist Langer, the founder of tissue engineering in regenerative medicine and a researcher in chemical biology and biomedical engineering, says:

"The loss of an organ or tissue is one of the most common, devastating, and costly problems in healthcare, and tissue engineering represents a new field that aims to"